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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
And EMBASE databases for articles from January 1980 to May 2019 with the keywords: (I) ‘vascular erectile dysfunction’ and ‘imaging diagnosis’; (II) ‘vascular ED’ and ‘imaging diagnosis’; (III) ‘vascular impotence’ and ‘imaging diagnosis’. The language of the articles was limited to English. In total, eight main methods for auxiliary diagnosis of vascular ED were detected. We mainly focused on publications and landmark articles over the past decade, and other relevant articles for each diagnostic method were also retrieved and summarized. According to different application scenarios, eight main methods for auxiliary diagnosis of vascular ED are divided into four categories. The parameters, advantages, and limitations of these methods were shown in Table 1. Table 1 Advantages and limitations of auxiliary examination methods for penile vascular function Full table Intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive agents Intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive drugs is the firstly proposed method to diagnose vascular ED and laid the foundation for all other tests. In 1982, Virag et al. reported that injection of papaverine into penile cavernous can induce an immediate penile erection and maintaining peak penile tumescence after 2–15 min (18). Since then, papaverine and related vasoactive drugs, such as phentolamine and alprostadil, are widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular ED (26-28). Those drugs can increase arterial inflow and reduce venous outflow. The dosage, sensitivity, incidence of side effect, and adverse effects were listed in Table 2. Intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive agent was considered to be a first-line treatment for ED before the introduction of oral
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